Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 The Structure of Matter 1
1.1 Science as an Art Form 1
1.2 Atomism 5
1.3 The Anatomy of an Atom 8
1.4 The Periodic Table of the Elements 14
1.5 The Nucleus 17
1.6 Nuclear Reactions 20
1.7 Radioactive Decay and the Band of Stability 23
1.8 The Shell Model of the Nucleus 29
1.9 The Origin of the Elements 32
1.9.1 The Big Bang 32
1.9.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 32
1.9.3 Stellar Nucleosynthesis 33
1.9.4 The s-Process and the r-Process 37
Exercises 39
Bibliography 41
Chapter 2 The Structure of the Atom 43
2.1 The Wave-Like Properties of Light 43
2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 44
2.3 The Interference of Waves 45
2.4 The Line Spectrum of Hydrogen 48
2.5 Energy Levels in Atoms 51
2.6 The Bohr Model of the Atom 54
2.6.1 In-Depth: Derivation of the Bohr Model of the Atom 56
2.7 The Wave-Like Properties of Matter 60
2.8 Circular Standing Waves and the Quantization of Angular Momentum 62
2.9 The Classical Wave Equation 64
2.10 The Particle in a Box Model 65
2.10.1 In-Depth: The Quantum Mechanical Behavior of Nanoparticles 67
2.11 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 68
2.12 The SchröDinger Equation 70
2.13 The Hydrogen Atom 74
2.13.1 The Radial Wave Functions 76
2.13.2 The Angular Wave Functions 79
2.14 The Spin Quantum Number 83
2.15 The Topological Atom 85
2.15.1 In-Depth: Atomic Units 87
Exercises 88
Bibliography 90
Chapter 3 The Periodicity of the Elements 91
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Hydrogenic Orbitals in Polyelectronic Atoms 92
3.2.1 In-Depth: The Helium Atom 94
3.3 The Quantum Structure of the Periodic Table 95
3.4 Electron Configurations 98
3.5 Shielding and Effective Nuclear Charges 102
3.6 Ionization Energy 104
3.7 Electron Affinity 109
3.8 Theoretical Radii 111
3.8.1 In-Depth: How the Radius Affects Other Properties 114
3.9 Polarizability 116
3.10 The Metal–Nonmetal Staircase 118
3.11 Global Hardness 120
3.12 Electronegativity 121
3.13 The Uniqueness Principle 124
3.14 Diagonal Properties 125
3.15 Relativistic Effects 126
3.16 The Inert-Pair Effect 128
Exercises 129
Bibliography 131
Chapter 4 An Introduction to Chemical Bonding 133
4.1 The Definition of a Chemical Bond 133
4.2 The Thermodynamic Driving Force for Bond Formation 134
4.3 Lewis Structures and Formal Charges 138
4.3.1 Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures 140
4.4 Covalent Bond Lengths and Bond Dissociation Energies 143
4.5 Resonance 144
4.6 Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonding 147
4.7 Types of Chemical Bonds—The Triangle of Bonding 148
4.8 Atoms in Molecules 153
Exercises 159
Bibliography 160
Chapter 5 Molecular Geometry 163
5.1 X-Ray Crystallography and the Determination of Molecular Geometry 163
5.2 Linnett’S Double Quartet Theory 165
5.3 Valence-Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory 170
5.3.1 Rules for Determining the Geometry of a Molecule Using VSEPD Theory 171
5.4 The Ligand Close-Packing Model 18..
